Dementia is a collective term that describes a number of symptoms associated with gradual mental decline. It is not one specific disease, but rather a symptom of several underlying diseases, and it is not a normal part of ageing. 

Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), refers to a range of neurological conditions that affect how people think, act, communicate and perceive the world around them. People with autism typically have difficulty communicating (both verbally and non-verbally), and challenges with social skills. People who suffer from autism normally do so throughout their lives.

Batten disease is a fatal inherited disorder of the nervous system, which typically develops between the ages of two and six. The disease has several different forms that share the same symptoms and causes, but vary in severity and age of onset.

As Batten disease is genetic, it may affect more than one person in a family. The rarity of the disease means that it receives relatively low levels of funding around the world compared to other neurological disorders. This makes funding research in New Zealand so much more important.

A brain tumour is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in the brain.  Brain tumours can either be primary, a cancer that begins in the brain, or metastatic, a cancer that has formed somewhere else in the body and has spread to the brain. Tumours can be benign or malignant (cancer-causing).

Cerebral palsy is a term for a group of childhood brain disorders that affect movement and posture. It hinders the body’s ability to perform controlled movements and can also affect eating, speaking, breathing, bladder and bowel control.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder where a person suffers sudden recurrent seizures, including loss of consciousness or convulsions. Epilepsy can be caused by a number of different brain diseases, but many people who have epilepsy are otherwise normal. Seizures are not necessarily a sign of epilepsy, and to be considered to have epilepsy, a person must have multiple unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Essential Tremor (ET) is a neurological disorder that causes a rhythmic shaking of the arms or other body parts, often misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease.

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a disorder in the way the nervous system functions. In other words, there is a problem with the ‘software’ of the nervous system.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited brain disorder that causes cells in specific parts of the brain to die, affecting both mental capability and physical control. It is a genetic disorder caused by an expanded gene. Everybody has the gene, but those who develop the disease have a longer version of the gene. The expansion causes the gene to malfunction, and it eventually leads to neurodegeneration. 

Migraine is a neurological condition most often characterised by a severe headache. It is often a recurring condition, with sufferers experiencing repeated attacks. Typically, migraines are felt on only one side of the head and are accompanied by other symptoms, which may or may not include nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, vision loss and migraine aura.

Motor neuron disease (MND) is a degenerative neurological condition that causes the death of the nerve cells (neurons) that control the muscles in the body. As these nerve cells die off, the body can no longer work these muscles, causing them to weaken and waste away.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system). Sclerosis means scarring, and the term ‘multiple sclerosis’ refers to the multiple tiny scars that occur throughout the central nervous system and affect the body’s function in a variety of ways.

Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that causes the brain cells responsible for making dopamine to stop working and eventually die. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter — a chemical required to send signals from the brain, and necessary for quick and well-coordinated movement. As the dopamine-making cells die off, the symptoms of Parkinson’s become worse.

Strokes are broadly divided into two categories — those caused by bleeding inside the brain, called ‘haemorrhagic strokes', and ’ischaemic strokes’, which occur when blood flow is restricted to one or more parts of the brain, stopping the flow of oxygen to that area of the brain and causing brain cells to die off.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when an external force causes damage to the brain. TBI ranges in severity of damage and symptoms; however, our understanding of how the brain responds even to mild injury is still in its infancy, and research is ongoing to learn more about how blunt trauma can increase the risk of a wide variety of neurological conditions.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a rare chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain. If you have this condition, even mild stimulation of your face, such as from shaving, brushing your teeth or putting on makeup, may and probably will trigger a jolt of excruciating pain.